Pamene akukonzekera PCB, mmodzi wa funso zofunika kwambiri kuganizira ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika za ntchito dera ayenera kuchuluka mawaya wosanjikiza, ndege pansi ndi ndege mphamvu, ndi kusindikizidwa wozungulira bolodi mawaya wosanjikiza, ndege pansi ndi mphamvu. Kutsimikiza kwa ndege kwa kuchuluka kwa zigawo ndi ntchito yozungulira, kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, EMI, EMC, mtengo wopanga ndi zina zofunika.

Kwa mapangidwe ambiri, pali zofunikira zambiri zosemphana pazofunikira pakuchita kwa PCB, mtengo wandandale, ukadaulo wopanga, ndi zovuta zamakina.Mapangidwe a laminated a PCB nthawi zambiri amakhala chigamulo chosagwirizana pambuyo poganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Mabwalo a digito othamanga kwambiri komanso ma whisker amapangidwa ndi ma board a multilayer.

Nazi mfundo zisanu ndi zitatu zopangira cascading:

1. Dkukweza

Mu multilayer PCB, nthawi zambiri mumakhala chizindikiro (S), ndege yamagetsi (P) ndi ndege yoyambira (GND).Ndege yamagetsi ndi ndege ya GROUND nthawi zambiri imakhala ndege zolimba zosagawanika zomwe zimapereka njira yabwino yobwereranso pakalipano ya mizere yoyandikana nayo.

Zambiri mwazigawo zazizindikiro zimakhala pakati pa magwero amagetsi awa kapena zigawo za ndege zolozera pansi, kupanga mizere yolumikizirana kapena yosanja.Zigawo zapamwamba ndi zapansi za multilayer PCB nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zigawo ndi mawaya ochepa.Mawaya azizindikirozi asakhale otalika kwambiri kuti achepetse kuyatsa kwachindunji komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha waya.

2. Dziwani ndege imodzi yofotokozera mphamvu

Kugwiritsa ntchito decoupling capacitors ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yothetsera kukhulupirika kwa magetsi.Decoupling capacitors akhoza kuikidwa pamwamba ndi pansi pa PCB.Mayendedwe a decoupling capacitor, solder pad, ndi hole pass zidzakhudza kwambiri zotsatira za decoupling capacitor, zomwe zimafuna kuti mapangidwewo aganizire kuti njira ya decoupling capacitor iyenera kukhala yayifupi komanso yayikulu momwe ingathere, ndipo waya wolumikizidwa ku dzenje uyenera khalaninso mwachidule momwe mungathere.Mwachitsanzo, mumayendedwe othamanga kwambiri a digito, ndizotheka kuyika capacitor yodulira pamwamba pa PCB, perekani wosanjikiza 2 kudera lothamanga kwambiri la digito (monga purosesa) ngati gawo lamphamvu, wosanjikiza 3. monga wosanjikiza chizindikiro, ndi wosanjikiza 4 monga mkulu-liwiro digito dera lapansi.

Kuonjezera apo, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa kuti njira yowonetsera chizindikiro yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi chipangizo chothamanga kwambiri cha digito imatenga mphamvu yofanana ndi ndege yowonetsera, ndipo mphamvuyi ndi gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi othamanga kwambiri.

3. Tsimikizirani ndege yolozera mphamvu zambiri

Ndege yolozera mphamvu zambiri idzagawika m'zigawo zingapo zolimba zokhala ndi ma voltages osiyanasiyana.Ngati chizindikiro cha chizindikiro chili pafupi ndi mphamvu zambiri, chizindikiro chamakono pa chizindikiro chapafupi chidzakumana ndi njira yobwereranso yosasangalatsa, yomwe idzatsogolera ku mipata munjira yobwerera.

Pazidziwitso za digito zothamanga kwambiri, njira yobwereranso iyi yopanda nzeru imatha kuyambitsa mavuto akulu, chifukwa chake pamafunika kuti ma waya othamanga kwambiri a digito azikhala kutali ndi ndege yolozera mphamvu zambiri.

4.Pezani maulendo angapo ofotokozera pansi

 Maulendo angapo owonetsera pansi (ndege zoyendetsa ndege) angapereke njira yabwino yobwereranso, yomwe ingachepetse EMl wamba.Ndege yapansi ndi ndege yamagetsi iyenera kulumikizidwa mwamphamvu, ndipo chizindikirocho chiyenera kulumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi ndege yoyandikana nayo.Izi zitha kutheka pochepetsa makulidwe a sing'anga pakati pa zigawo.

5. Kuphatikizika kwa wiring koyenera

Zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi njira yolumikizira zimatchedwa "wiring kuphatikiza".Kuphatikizika kwa waya kwabwino kumapangidwa kuti kupewe kubweza komwe kukuyenda kuchokera ku ndege imodzi kupita ku ina, koma m'malo mwake kumayenda kuchokera kumalo (nkhope) ya ndege imodzi kupita ku ina.Kuti amalize mawaya ovuta, kutembenuka kwa interlayer kwa wiring sikungalephereke.Chizindikirocho chikatembenuzidwa pakati pa zigawo, kubwereza kwapano kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuyenda bwino kuchokera ku ndege imodzi kupita ku ina.Popanga, ndizomveka kulingalira zigawo zoyandikana ngati kuphatikiza kwa mawaya.

Ngati njira ya siginecha ikufunika kufalikira zigawo zingapo, nthawi zambiri simapangidwe omveka kuti mugwiritse ntchito ngati mawaya ophatikizira, chifukwa njira yodutsa m'magawo angapo sikhala yachigamba pamafunde obwerera.Ngakhale kasupe akhoza kuchepetsedwa poika decoupling capacitor pafupi ndi dzenje kapena kuchepetsa makulidwe a sing'anga pakati pa ndege zolozera, sizopanga bwino.

6.Kukhazikitsa njira ya waya

Pamene mawaya ayikidwa pa chizindikiro chofanana, chiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe ambiri a mawaya akugwirizana, ndipo ayenera kukhala orthogonal kumayendedwe a mawaya a zigawo zoyandikana nazo.Mwachitsanzo, mawaya amtundu umodzi wa chizindikiro akhoza kukhazikitsidwa ku "Y-axis", ndipo mawaya amtundu wina woyandikana nawo akhoza kukhazikitsidwa ku "X-axis".

7. Aadadumphira gawo losanjikiza 

Zitha kupezeka kuchokera ku PCB lamination yopangidwa kuti classical lamination mapangidwe pafupifupi onse ngakhale zigawo, osati wosamvetseka zigawo, chodabwitsa ichi amayamba ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kuchokera kupanga ndondomeko kusindikizidwa dera bolodi, tingathe kudziwa kuti onse wosanjikiza conductive mu bolodi dera wapulumutsidwa pa pachimake wosanjikiza, zinthu za pachimake wosanjikiza zambiri mbali ziwiri cladding bolodi, pamene ntchito zonse pachimake wosanjikiza. , ndi conductive wosanjikiza wa osindikizidwa dera bolodi ndi wofanana

Ngakhale matabwa osindikizira osanjikiza ali ndi ubwino wamtengo wapatali.Chifukwa cha kusakhala kwa wosanjikiza wa media ndi zotchingira zamkuwa, mtengo wa zigawo zosawerengeka za PCB zopangira ndizotsika pang'ono kuposa mtengo wa magawo a PCB.Komabe, mtengo wokonza wa ODd-wosanjikiza PCB mwachiwonekere ndi wokwera kuposa wa PCB wosanjikiza chifukwa ODd-wosanjikiza PCB ikufunika kuwonjezera njira yolumikizira yosanjikiza ya laminated core pamaziko a dongosolo lachimake.Poyerekeza ndi wamba pachimake wosanjikiza kapangidwe, kuwonjezera mkuwa cladding kunja pachimake wosanjikiza dongosolo kungachititse kuti m'munsi kupanga dzuwa ndi yaitali kupanga mkombero.Isanafike laminating, kunja pakati pachimake wosanjikiza amafuna zina processing, amene kumawonjezera chiopsezo kukanda ndi misetching wosanjikiza akunja.Kuwonjezeka kwa kasamalidwe kakunja kudzakulitsa kwambiri ndalama zopangira.

Pamene zigawo zamkati ndi zakunja za bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa zimakhazikika pambuyo pa ndondomeko yogwirizanitsa dera lamitundu yambiri, zosiyana siyana za lamination zidzatulutsa madigiri osiyanasiyana opindika pa bolodi losindikizidwa.Ndipo makulidwe a bolodi akamakula, chiwopsezo chopinda gulu losindikizidwa lopangidwa ndi magulu awiri osiyanasiyana chimawonjezeka.Ma board ozungulira osanjikiza ndi osavuta kupindika, pomwe matabwa osindikizira osanjikiza amatha kupewa kupindika.

Ngati bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa lapangidwa ndi chiwerengero chosamvetseka cha zigawo za mphamvu ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo za chizindikiro, njira yowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera zikhoza kutengedwa.Njira ina yophweka ndikuwonjezera malo oyambira pakati pa stack popanda kusintha Zikhazikiko zina.Ndiye kuti, PCB imalumikizidwa ndi mawaya angapo osamvetseka, ndiyeno gawo loyambira limapangidwanso pakati.

8.  Kuganizira Mtengo

Pankhani ya mtengo wopanga, matabwa ozungulira ma multilayer ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa matabwa amodzi ndi awiri osanjikiza omwe ali ndi dera lomwelo la PCB, ndipo zigawo zambiri zimakwera mtengo.Komabe, poganizira za kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zoyendera dera ndi miniaturization board, kuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, EMl, EMC ndi zizindikiro zina zogwirira ntchito, matabwa amitundu yambiri ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe angathere.Ponseponse, kusiyana kwamitengo pakati pa matabwa amitundu yambiri osanjikiza ndi matabwa osanjikiza amodzi ndi magawo awiri osanjikiza sikuli kokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera.