01
Mitemo yakakosha yegadziriro yechikamu
1. Maererano nematunhu modules, kugadzira marongerwo uye matunhu ane hukama anowana basa rimwechete anonzi module.Izvo zvikamu zviri mudutu redunhu zvinofanirwa kutora musimboti wekusangana kwepedyo, uye dhijitari redunhu uye analog dunhu rinofanira kuparadzaniswa;
2. Hapana zvikamu kana michina ichaiswa mukati me1.27mm yemakomba asingakwiri akadai semakomba ekumisikidza, maburi akajairika, uye 3.5mm (yeM2.5) uye 4mm (yeM3) ye3.5mm (yeM2.5) uye 4mm (yeM3) haizobvumirwi kuisa zvikamu;
3. Dzivisa kuisa kuburikidza nemakomba pasi horizontally akaiswa resistors, inductors (plug-ins), electrolytic capacitors uye zvimwe zvinoriumba kudzivirira pfupi-circuiting vias uye chikamu goko pashure wave soldering;
4. Nharaunda pakati pekunze kwechikamu uye kumucheto kwebhodhi ndeye 5mm;
5. Chinhambwe chiri pakati pekunze kwechigadziko chechikamu chinosungirirwa uye kunze kwechikamu chinopindirana chiri pedyo chakakura kudarika 2mm;
6. Metal shell components uye metal parts (shielding boxes, etc.) haifaniri kubata zvimwe zvikamu, uye haifaniri kuva pedyo nemitsetse yakadhindwa nemapadhi.Nharaunda pakati pavo inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika 2mm.Saizi yegomba rekumisikidza, gomba rekusungirira, gomba reoval uye mamwe makomba masikweya mubhodhi kubva kunze kwemupendero webhodhi rakakura kupfuura 3mm;
7. Zvinhu zvinopisa hazvifaniri kunge zviri pedyo netambo uye zvinhu zvinopisa kupisa;zvinhu zvinopisa zvakanyanya zvinofanira kugoverwa zvakaenzana;
8. Chigadziko chemagetsi chinofanira kurongedzerwa kumativi ebhodhi rakadhindwa sezvinobvira, uye chigadziko chemagetsi uye chigadziko chebhasi chebhasi chakabatanidzwa nacho chinofanira kurongwa kune rumwe rutivi.Kunyanya kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kwete kuronga zvigadziko zvemagetsi uye zvimwe zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza pakati pezvibatanidza kuti zvifambise welding yezvigadziko izvi uye zvibatanidza, pamwe nekugadzira uye kusungirirwa kwetambo dzemagetsi.Kurongeka kwepakati pezvigadziko zvemagetsi uye welding zvinobatanidza zvinofanirwa kutariswa kufambisa plugging uye kuburitsa kwemagetsi plugs;
9. Kurongeka kwezvimwe zvikamu:
Zvose zvikamu zveIC zvakarongedzerwa kune rumwe rutivi, uye polarity yezvikamu zvepolar inoratidzirwa zvakajeka.Iyo polarity yebhodhi rakadhindwa rimwechete haigone kuiswa mune inodarika nzira mbiri.Kana nzira mbiri dzichionekwa, nzira mbiri idzi dziri perpendicular kune mumwe nemumwe;
10. Iyo wiring pabhodhi yepamusoro inofanira kuva yakaoma uye yakaoma.Kana iyo density mutsauko wakakura kwazvo, inofanirwa kuzadzwa ne mesh mhangura foil, uye gidhi inofanira kunge yakakura kupfuura 8mil (kana 0.2mm);
11. Panofanira kunge pasina kuburikidza nemakomba pane SMD pads kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwe solder paste uye kukonzera kutengesa kwenhema kwezvikamu.Mitsetse yakakosha yechiratidzo haibvumidzwe kupfuura pakati pepini yesokisi;
.
13. Nesezvinogoneka, michina yepolarized inofanirwa kuenderana neiyo polarity yekumaka kutungamira pabhodhi rimwechete.

Component wiring mitemo

1. Dhirowa nzvimbo ye wiring mukati me1mm kubva kumucheto wePCB board uye mukati me1mm kumativi egomba rinosungirirwa, wiring inorambidzwa;
2. Mutsara wemagetsi unofanirwa kuva wakafara sezvinobvira uye haufaniri kuva pasi pe18mil;hupamhi hwemutsara wechiratidzo haufanire kunge huri pasi pe12mil;iyo cpu yekupinza uye inobuda mitsetse haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pe10mil (kana 8mil);mutsara wemutsara haufanire kunge uri pasi pe10mil;
3. Yakajairika via isiri pasi pe30mil;
4. Dual in-line: 60mil pad, 40mil aperture;
1/4W kushorwa: 51 * 55mil (0805 pamusoro pegomo);kana iri mumutsara, padhi iri 62mil uye aperture iri 42mil;
Infinite capacitance: 51 * 55mil (0805 pamusoro pegomo);kana iri mumutsara, padhi iri 50mil, uye aperture iri 28mil;
5. Cherechedza kuti mutsara wemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi unofanirwa kuva wakajeka sezvinobvira, uye mutsara wechiratidzo haufaniri kuvharwa.

03
Maitiro ekuvandudza anti-kupindira kugona uye electromagnetic kuenderana?
Nzira yekuvandudza sei anti-kupindira kugona uye kuenderana kwemagetsi paunenge uchigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nema processor?

1. Aya masisitimu anotevera anofanirwa kutarisisa kune anti-electromagnetic kupindira:
(1) Iyo sisitimu iyo microcontroller wachi frequency yakakwira zvakanyanya uye kutenderera kwebhazi kunomhanya zvakanyanya.
(2) Iyo sisitimu ine yakakwirira-simba, yakakwira-ikozvino dhiraivha maseketi, akadai senge spark-inogadzira relays, yakakwirira-ikozvino switch, nezvimwe.
(3) A sisitimu ine isina kusimba analog chiratidzo chedunhu uye yakakwirira-chaiyo A/D yekutendeuka dunhu.

2. Tora matanho anotevera kuwedzera anti-electromagnetic kupindira kugona kweiyo system:
(1) Sarudza microcontroller ine yakaderera frequency:
Kusarudza microcontroller ine yakaderera yekunze wachi frequency inogona kunyatso kudzikisa ruzha uye kunatsiridza sisitimu anti-kupindira kugona.Kune masikweya mafungu uye sine mafungu eiyo frequency yakafanana, iyo yakakwira frequency zvikamu muskweya wave yakawanda kupfuura iyo mune sine wave.Kunyangwe iyo amplitude yeyakakwira-frequency chikamu cheskweya wave idiki pane yakakosha wave, iyo yakakwira frequency, zviri nyore kuburitsa seruzha sosi.Iyo yakanyanya kupesvedzera yepamusoro-frequency ruzha runogadzirwa neiyo microcontroller ingangoita 3 nguva yewachi frequency.

(2) Deredza kukanganisa mukufambiswa kwechiratidzo
Microcontrollers anonyanya kugadzirwa achishandisa high-speed CMOS tekinoroji.Iyo static yekupinda ikozvino yechiratidzo chekuisa terminal ingangoita 1mA, iyo yekuisa capacitance inenge 10PF, uye iyo impedance yekupinza yakakwira zvakanyanya.Iyo inobuditsa terminal yeyepamusoro-inomhanya CMOS wedunhu ine yakakura mutoro wemutoro, kureva, yakakura kuburitsa kukosha.Iyo refu waya inotungamira kune yekuisa terminal ine yakanyanya kupinza impedance, dambudziko rekuratidzira rakanyanya, rinokonzeresa kukanganisa kwechiratidzo uye kuwedzera ruzha rwehurongwa.Kana Tpd> Tr, inova dambudziko rekutapurirana, uye matambudziko senge chiratidzo chekuratidzira uye impedance yekufananidza inofanirwa kutariswa.

Nguva yekunonoka yechiratidzo pane yakadhindwa bhodhi ine hukama nehunhu impedance yekutungamira, iyo ine hukama neiyo dielectric garage yeakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi zvinhu.Zvinogona kutariswa kuti kumhanya kwechiratidzo pabhodhi rakadhindwa inotungamira inenge 1/3 kusvika 1/2 yekumhanya kwechiedza.Iyo Tr (yakajairwa kunonoka nguva) yeanowanzo shandiswa logic foni zvikamu musystem inoumbwa nemicrocontroller iri pakati pe3 ne18 ns.

Pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, chiratidzo chinopfuura ne7W resistor uye 25cm-yakareba inotungamira, uye nguva yekunonoka pamutsetse inenge iri pakati pe4 ~ 20ns.Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo ipfupi chiratidzo chinotungamira pane yakadhindwa dunhu, zviri nani, uye iyo yakareba haifanirwe kudarika 25cm.Uye nhamba vias inofanira kuva duku sezvinobvira, zviri nani kwete kupfuura maviri.
Kana nguva yekusimuka kwechiratidzo ichikurumidza kupfuura nguva yekunonoka kwechiratidzo, inofanirwa kugadziriswa zvinoenderana nemagetsi ekukurumidza.Panguva ino, iyo impedance yekufananidza yetambo yekufambisa inofanirwa kutariswa.Kune iyo chiratidzo chekufambisa pakati pezvivharo zvakabatanidzwa pane yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi, mamiriro eTd> Trd anofanira kudzivirirwa.Iyo yakakura iyo yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi, iyo inokurumidza iyo system yekumhanyisa haigone kuve.
Shandisa mhedziso dzinotevera kupfupisa mutemo wakadhindwa wedunhu bhodhi dhizaini:
Chiratidzo chinoparidzirwa pabhodhi rakadhindwa, uye nguva yaro yekunonoka haifaniri kunge yakakura kudarika nguva yekunonoka yedhidhiyo inoshandiswa.

(3) Deredza muchinjiko * kupindira pakati pemitsara yemasaini:
Chiratidzo chenhanho chine nguva yekusimuka kweTr papoint A inotumirwa kune terminal B kuburikidza nemutobvu AB.Nguva yekunonoka yechiratidzo pamutsetse weAB ndeye Td.Pane imwe nzvimbo D, nekuda kwekufambisa mberi kwechiratidzo kubva panzvimbo A, chiratidzo chechiratidzo mushure mekusvika panzvimbo B uye kunonoka kwemutsara weAB, peji yepeji yepeji ine hupamhi hweTr ichakonzerwa mushure meTd nguva.Pane imwe nguva C, nekuda kwekutumira uye kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo paAB, chiratidzo chakanaka chekuputika nehupamhi hwekaviri nguva yekunonoka kwechiratidzo pamutsetse weAB, kureva, 2Td, inokonzerwa.Uku ndiko kupindirana pakati pezviratidzo.Kusimba kwechiratidzo chekuvhiringidza kune hukama ne di/at yechiratidzo panzvimbo C uye chinhambwe pakati pemitsara.Kana iyo mitsetse miviri yemasaini isiri kureba, izvo zvaunoona paAB ndizvo chaizvo zvekupfuura kwemapulses maviri.

Iyo micro-control inogadzirwa neCMOS tekinoroji ine yakakwira yekupinza impedance, ruzha rwepamusoro, uye yakanyanya ruzha kushivirira.Iyo dhijitari yedunhu inokwidziridzwa ne100 ~ 200mv ruzha uye haina kukanganisa kushanda kwayo.Kana mutsara weAB mumufananidzo uri chiratidzo cheanalogi, kupindira uku kunova kusingagoneki.Semuenzaniso, bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa ibhodhi rine mana, rimwe rayo inzvimbo yakakura-nzvimbo, kana bhodhi rine mativi maviri, uye kana rutivi rwekumashure rwemutsara wechiratidzo ivhu guru-nzvimbo, muchinjikwa * kukanganisa pakati pezviratidzo zvakadaro kuchaderedzwa.Chikonzero ndechekuti nzvimbo yakakura yepasi inoderedza hunhu hweiyo mutsara wechiratidzo, uye kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo kumagumo eD kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya.Iyo hunhu impedance inopesana yakaenzana kune skweya ye dielectric inongogara yepakati kubva kumutsara wechiratidzo kusvika pasi, uye inoenzana neiyo yakasikwa logarithm yehukobvu hwepakati.Kana iyo AB mutsara iine analogi chiratidzo, kudzivirira kupindira kweiyo dhijitari yedunhu chiratidzo mutsara CD kuenda kuAB, panofanira kunge paine nzvimbo yakakura pasi peiyo AB mutsara, uye chinhambwe pakati peAB mutsara neCD mutsara chinofanira kunge chakakura kupfuura 2. kusvika ku3 nguva dzechinhambwe pakati pemutsetse weAB uye pasi.Inogona kunge yakadzivirirwa zvishoma, uye waya dzepasi dzinoiswa kuruboshwe uye kurudyi kumativi emutungamiri padivi rine mutungamiri.

(4) Deredza ruzha rwemagetsi
Nepo magetsi anopa simba kune system, inowedzerawo ruzha kune magetsi.Mutsara wekugadzirisa zvakare, mutsara wekuvhiringidza, uye mamwe mitsara yekutonga ye microcontroller munharaunda inonyanya kukanganisa kukanganiswa kubva kune ruzha rwekunze.Kupindira kwakasimba pamagetsi emagetsi kunopinda munharaunda kuburikidza nemagetsi.Kunyangwe mubhatiri-powered system, bhatiri pachayo rine ruzha rwepamusoro-frequency.Chiratidzo cheanarogi mumutambo weanaroji hachina kukwanisa kumira kupindira kubva kune magetsi.

(5) Teerera kune yakakwira frequency maitiro eakadhindwa wiring board uye zvikamu
Muchiitiko chepamusoro-soro, iyo inotungamira, vias, resistors, capacitors, uye yakagoverwa inductance uye capacitance yezvibatanidza pane yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi haigoni kuregererwa.Iyo yakagoverwa inductance ye capacitor haigoni kuregererwa, uye iyo yakagoverwa capacitance yeinductor haigoni kuregererwa.Kupikisa kunoburitsa kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo chepamusoro-frequency, uye iyo yakagoverwa capacitance yemutungamiri ichaita basa.Kana kureba kwakakura kupfuura 1/20 yeaya inowirirana yewavelength yeruzha frequency, antenna mhedzisiro inogadzirwa, uye ruzha rwunoburitswa kuburikidza nemutobvu.

Iwo kuburikidza nemaburi eakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi anokonzera anenge 0.6 pf ye capacitance.
Iyo yekurongedza zvinhu yedunhu rakasanganiswa pachayo inosuma 2 ~ 6pf capacitors.
Chibatanidza pabhodhi redunhu chine inductance yakagoverwa ye520nH.A dual-in-line 24-pin integrated circuit skewer inosuma 4 ~ 18nH yakagoverwa inductance.
Aya madiki ekugovera maparamita haakoshe mumutsara uyu wepasi-frequency microcontroller masisitimu;kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune yakakwirira-speed systems.

(6) Kurongeka kwezvikamu kunofanirwa kugovaniswa zvine musoro
Nzvimbo yezvikamu pane yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi inofanirwa kunyatso funga nezve dambudziko rekukanganiswa kwe-anti-electromagnetic.Imwe yenheyo ndeyokuti zvinotungamirira pakati pezvikamu zvinofanira kuva zvakapfupika sezvinobvira.Muchigadziro, chikamu chechiratidzo cheanalogi, chikamu chepamusoro-chinomhanya chedhijitari, uye chikamu cheruzha (zvakadai serelays, ma-switches epamusoro, nezvimwewo) zvinofanira kupatsanurwa zvine musoro kuti kuderedze kubatanidza kwechiratidzo pakati pavo.

G Bata waya yepasi
Pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, tambo yemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha.Iyo yakanyanya kukosha nzira yekukunda kukanganiswa kwemagetsi ndeyekuisa pasi.
Kune maviri mapaneru, iyo pasi waya yekumisikidza inonyanya kunyanya.Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe-single-point grounding, magetsi uye pasi zvakabatanidzwa kune yakadhindwa bhodhi redunhu kubva kumativi ose emagetsi.Simba remagetsi rine kamwe chete uye pasi rine imwe chete.Pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, panofanira kuva netambo dzakawanda dzekudzoka pasi, iyo ichaunganidzwa panzvimbo yekubatanidza yekudzoka kwemagetsi, iyo inonzi inonzi single-point grounding.Iyo inonzi analog pasi, ivhu redhijitari, uye yakakwirira-simba mudziyo pasi kupatsanurwa kunoreva kupatsanurwa kwewaya, uye pakupedzisira zvese zvinosangana kune ino yekumisa nzvimbo.Kana uchibatanidza nezviratidzo kunze kwemapuranga edunhu akadhindwa, tambo dzakavharidzirwa dzinowanzoshandiswa.Kune yakakwirira frequency uye masaini edhijitari, migumo yese yetambo yakadzivirirwa yakadzikwa.Imwe magumo etambo yakadzivirirwa kune yakaderera-frequency analog masiginecha inofanirwa kudzika.
Denderedzwa dzinonyanya kunzwisiswa neruzha uye kupindira kana maseketi anonyanya kukwirira-ruzha anofanirwa kudzivirirwa nekavha yesimbi.

(7) Shandisa decoupling capacitors zvakanaka.
A good high-frequency decoupling capacitor inogona kubvisa high-frequency components kusvika ku1GHZ.Ceramic chip capacitors kana multilayer ceramic capacitors vane zviri nani yakakwirira-frequency maitiro.Paunenge uchigadzira bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, decoupling capacitor inofanira kuwedzerwa pakati pesimba uye pasi redunhu rega rega rakabatanidzwa.Iyo decoupling capacitor ine mabasa maviri: kune rumwe rutivi, isimba rekuchengetedza capacitor yedunhu rakasanganiswa, rinopa uye rinotora kubhadharisa uye kuburitsa simba panguva yekuvhura nekuvhara iyo yakabatanidzwa dunhu;kune rumwe rutivi, inonzvenga ruzha rwe-high-frequency yemudziyo.Iyo yakajairwa decoupling capacitor ye0.1uf mumaseketi edhijitari ine 5nH yakagovaniswa inductance, uye parallel resonance frequency ndeye 7MHz, zvinoreva kuti ine zvirinani decoupling mhedzisiro yeruzha pazasi 10MHz, uye ine zvirinani decoupling mhedzisiro yeruzha pamusoro pe40MHz.Ruzha runenge rusina mhedzisiro.

1uf, 10uf capacitors, iyo parallel resonance frequency iri pamusoro pe20MHz, mhedzisiro yekubvisa yakakwirira frequency ruzha iri nani.Zvinowanzobatsira kushandisa 1uf kana 10uf de-high frequency capacitor apo simba rinopinda mubhodhi rakadhindwa, kunyange kune bhatiri-powered systems.
Yese gumi zvidimbu zvemaseketi akabatanidzwa anoda kuwedzera kuchaja uye kuburitsa capacitor, kana kunzi yekuchengetedza capacitor, saizi yecapacitor inogona kuva 10uf.Zvakanakisisa kusashandisa electrolytic capacitors.Electrolytic capacitors yakapetwa nezvikamu zviviri zvepu firimu.Ichi chakapetwa chimiro chinoshanda senge inductance pane yakakwirira frequency.Zvakanakisisa kushandisa bile capacitor kana polycarbonate capacitor.

Kusarudzwa kwe decoupling capacitor value haisi yakasimba, inogona kuverengwa maererano neC = 1 / f;kureva, 0.1uf ye10MHz, uye yegadziriro inoumbwa nemicrocontroller, inogona kuva pakati pe0.1uf ne0.01uf.

3. Chimwe chiitiko mukuderedza ruzha uye kukanganiswa kwemagetsi.
(1) Low-speed machipisi anogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yemachipisi anomhanya.High-speed chips inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakakosha.
(2) Inopikisa inogona kubatanidzwa munhevedzano kuti ideredze kusvetuka kweyepamusoro uye yakaderera mipendero yedunhu rekutonga.
(3) Edza kupa imwe nzira yekunyorovesa kune relay, nezvimwe.
(4) Shandisa yakaderera frequency wachi inosangana nezvinodiwa system.
(5) Jenareta yewachi iri padyo sezvinobvira kune mudziyo unoshandisa wachi.Iyo goko reiyo quartz crystal oscillator inofanira kuiswa pasi.
(6) Sungai nzvimbo yewachi newaya yepasi uye chengetedza waya yewachi ipfupi sezvinobvira.
(7) I / O drive circuit inofanira kunge iri pedyo sezvinobvira kumucheto webhodhi rakadhindwa, uye rega risiye bhodhi rakadhindwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.Chiratidzo chinopinda mubhodhi rakadhindwa chinofanira kusefa, uye chiratidzo chinobva kunzvimbo ine ruzha rukuru inofanirawo kusefa.Panguva imwecheteyo, nhevedzano yematerminal resistors inofanirwa kushandiswa kuderedza chiratidzo chekuratidzira.
(8) Kupera kusingabatsiri kweMCD kunofanira kubatanidzwa kune yakakwirira, kana kudzika, kana kutsanangurwa sekuguma kwekubuda.Mugumo wedunhu rakabatanidzwa rinofanira kubatanidzwa kune simba rekupa pasi rinofanira kubatanidzwa kwairi, uye harifaniri kusara richiyangarara.
(9) Iyo yekuisa terminal yegedhi redunhu risiri kushandiswa haifanirwe kusiiwa ichiyangarara.Iyo yakanaka yekuisa terminal yeiyo isina kushandiswa mashandiro amplifier inofanirwa kudzikwa, uye iyo yakaipa yekuisa terminal inofanirwa kubatana kune inobuda terminal.10
(11) Mabhodhi akadhindwa akapatsanurwa zvichienderana nekuwanda uye ikozvino shanduko hunhu, uye zvikamu zveruzha uye zvisingaite ruzha zvinofanirwa kunge zviri kure.
(12) Shandisa-single-point simba uye imwe-point grounding kune imwechete uye mbiri mapaneru.Mutsara wemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi unofanira kunge wakakora sezvinobvira.Kana hupfumi huchikwanisa, shandisa multilayer board kuderedza capacitive inductance yemagetsi uye pasi.
(13) Chengetedza wachi, bhazi, uye chip sarudza masaini kure neI / O mitsetse uye zvibatanidza.
(14) Iyo analog voltage yekupinda mutsara uye referensi voltage terminal inofanirwa kunge iri kure sezvinobvira kubva kudhijitari redhijitari chiratidzo mutsara, kunyanya wachi.
(15) Yemidziyo yeA/D, chikamu chedhijitari uye chikamu cheanalogi chingave chakabatana pane kupihwa *.
(16) Mutsara wewachi perpendicular kumutsara weI / O une kukanganisa kuduku kudarika mutsara weI / O, uye mapini echikamu chewachi ari kure neI / O cable.
(17) Mapini echikamu anofanira kunge ari mapfupi sezvinobvira, uye decoupling capacitor pini inofanira kuva pfupi sezvinobvira.
(18) Mutsetse wekiyi unofanira kuva wakakora sezvinobvira, uye pasi rinodzivirira rinofanira kuwedzerwa kumativi ose.Mutsara wepamusoro-soro unofanira kunge uri pfupi uye wakarurama.
(19) Mitsetse inonzwa ruzha haifanire kuenderana nepamusoro-ikozvino, mitsetse yekuchinja-inomhanya.
(20) Usafambisa waya pasi pekristaro yequartz kana pasi pemidziyo inonzwa ruzha.
(21) Pamaseketi echiratidzo asina simba, usaite zvishwe zvazvino zvakatenderedza pasi-frequency maseketi.
(22) Usagadzira loop kune chero chiratidzo.Kana zvisingadzivisiki, ita kuti loop nzvimbo ive diki sezvinobvira.
(23) Imwe decoupling capacitor per integrated circuit.Iyo diki yakakwira-frequency bypass capacitor inofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune yega yega electrolytic capacitor.
(24) Shandisa guru-capacity tantalum capacitors kana juku capacitors panzvimbo ye electrolytic capacitors kubhadharisa uye kuburitsa simba rekuchengetedza capacitors.Paunenge uchishandisa tubular capacitors, nyaya yacho inofanira kuiswa pasi.

04
PROTEL anowanzo shandiswa makiyi ekudimbudzira
Peji Kumusoro Zoom in negonzo sepakati
Peji Pasi Zoom kunze negonzo sepakati.
Home Center chinzvimbo chakanongedzwa negonzo
Pedzisa kuzorodza (nyora patsva)
* Chinja pakati pematanho epamusoro uye epasi
+ (-) Chinja layer ne layer: “+” uye “-” zviri kune rimwe divi
Q mm (millimeter) uye mil (mil) unit switch
IM inoyera chinhambwe chiri pakati pemapoinzi maviri
E x Rongedza X, X ndiyo yakanangana nekugadzirisa, kodhi iri seizvi: (A)=arc;(C)=chikamu;(F)=zadza;(P)=pedhi;(N)=network;(S)=unhu ;(T) = waya;(V) = kuburikidza;(I) = mutsara wekubatanidza;(G) = polygon yakazadzwa.Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uchida kugadzirisa chikamu, dzvanya EC, chinongedzo chembeva chinobuda "gumi", tinya kuti ugadzirise.
Izvo zvikamu zvakagadziriswa zvinogona kugadziriswa.
P x Nzvimbo X, X ndiyo yakanangwa yekuiswa, iyo kodhi yakafanana nepamusoro.
M x inofamba X, X ndiyo inofamba, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Zvakafanana nepamusoro, uye (I) = flip kusarudzwa Chikamu;(O) Tenderedza chikamu chekusarudza;(M) = Fambisa chikamu chekusarudza;(R) = Rewiring.
S x sarudza X, X ndiyo yakasarudzwa zvirimo, kodhi yacho ndeyotevera: (I)=inharaunda yemukati;(O)=nzvimbo yekunze;(A)=zvose;(L)=zvose zviri pamusoro;(K)=chikamu chakakiiwa;(N) = network network;(C) = mutsara wekubatanidza muviri;(H) = padhi rine aperture yakataurwa;(G) = padhi kunze kwegridi.Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uchida kusarudza zvese, dzvanya SA, magirafu ese anovheneka kuratidza kuti akasarudzwa, uye unogona kukopa, kujekesa, uye kutamisa mafaera akasarudzwa.