01
Imithetho eyisisekelo yesakhiwo sengxenye
1. Ngokusho kwamamojula wesekethe, ukwenza ukwakheka namasekethe ahlobene afinyelela umsebenzi ofanayo abizwa ngokuthi imojuli.Izingxenye zemojula yesifunda kufanele zamukele isimiso sokugxila okuseduze, futhi isifunda sedijithali kanye nesifunda se-analog kufanele sihlukaniswe;
2. Azikho izingxenye noma amathuluzi azofakwa ngaphakathi kuka-1.27mm wezimbobo ezinganyuki njengezimbobo zokuma, izimbobo ezijwayelekile, no-3.5mm (ku-M2.5) no-4mm (ku-M3) okungu-3.5mm (ku-M2.5) kanye I-4mm (ye-M3) ngeke ivunyelwe ukukhweza izingxenye;
3. Gwema ukubeka ngezimbobo ngaphansi kwezinto eziphikisayo ezibekwe ngokuvundlile, ama-inductors (ama-plug-ins), ama-electrolytic capacitor nezinye izakhi ukuze ugweme ukujikeleza i-vias kanye negobolondo lengxenye ngemva kokusoda kwegagasi;
4. Ibanga phakathi kwengaphandle lengxenye kanye nomphetho webhodi ngu-5mm;
5. Ibanga eliphakathi kwengaphandle lephedi yengxenye yokukhweza kanye nengaphandle lengxenye eseduze yokuhlanganisa likhulu kuno-2mm;
6. Izingxenye zegobolondo lensimbi nezingxenye zensimbi (amabhokisi okuvikela, njll.) akufanele zithinte ezinye izingxenye, futhi akufanele zisondele emigqeni ephrintiwe namaphedi.Ibanga phakathi kwabo kufanele libe likhulu kuno-2mm.Ubukhulu bembobo yokumisa, imbobo yokufaka isiqholo, imbobo eyisiyingi nezinye izimbobo zesikwele ebhodini kusukela ngaphandle konqenqema lwebhodi bukhulu kuno-3mm;
7. Izakhi zokushisa akufanele zibe seduze nezintambo nezinto ezingezwani nokushisa;izinto ezishisa kakhulu kufanele zisakazwe ngokulinganayo;
8. Isokhethi yamandla kufanele ihlelwe eduze kwebhodi eliphrintiwe ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi isokhethi yamandla kanye netheminali yebha yebhasi exhunywe kuyo kufanele ihlelwe ngakolunye uhlangothi.Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ukungahleleki amasokhethi amandla nezinye izixhumi zokushisela phakathi kwezixhumi ukuze kube lula ukushiselwa kwalezi zisekelo nezixhumi, kanye nokuklama nokubopha izintambo zamandla.Ukuhlelwa kwezikhala zamasokhethi amandla nezixhumi zokushisela kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuze kube lula ukuxhuma nokukhipha amapulaki amandla;
9. Ukuhlelwa kwezinye izingxenye:
Zonke izingxenye ze-IC ziqondaniswe ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi i-polarity yezingxenye ze-polar imakwe ngokucacile.I-polarity yebhodi efanayo ephrintiwe ayikwazi ukumakwa ngezindlela ezingaphezu kwezimbili.Lapho kuvela izikhombisi-ndlela ezimbili, lezi zikhombisi-ndlela ezimbili zi-perpendicular komunye nomunye;
10. I-wiring ebusweni bebhodi kufanele ibe minyene futhi iminyene.Uma umehluko wokuminyana mkhulu kakhulu, kufanele ugcwaliswe nge-foil yethusi enemeshi, futhi igridi kufanele ibe nkulu kuno-8mil (noma u-0.2mm);
11. Akufanele kube khona izimbobo kuma-SMD pads ukugwema ukulahleka kokunamathisela kwe-solder futhi kubangele ukuthengiswa okungamanga kwezingxenye.Imigqa yesignali ebalulekile ayivunyelwe ukuba idlule phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesokhethi;
12. Isiqephu siqondaniswe ohlangothini olulodwa, isiqondiso somlingisi siyafana, futhi isiqondiso sokupakisha siyafana;
13. Ngokusemandleni, amadivaysi e-polarized kufanele ahambisane nesiqondiso sokumaka i-polarity ebhodini elifanayo.

Imithetho ye-wiring yengxenye

1. Dweba indawo yezintambo ngaphakathi kwe-1mm ukusuka onqenqemeni lwebhodi le-PCB futhi ngaphakathi kuka-1mm uzungeze imbobo yokufaka, izintambo azivunyelwe;
2. Intambo kagesi kufanele ibe banzi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi akufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-18mil;ububanzi bomugqa wesignali akufanele bube ngaphansi kuka-12mil;imigqa yokufaka ye-cpu neyokukhipha akufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-10mil (noma u-8mil);isikhala somugqa akufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-10mil;
3. Isilinganiso esijwayelekile singekho ngaphansi kuka-30mil;
4. Okukabili emgqeni: iphedi engu-60mil, indawo yokuvula engu-40mil;
Ukumelana kwe-1/4W: 51 * 55mil (i-0805 surface mount);uma uku-line, iphedi ingu-62mil kanti indawo yokuvula ingu-42mil;
Amandla angapheli: 51 * 55mil (i-0805 surface mount);uma uku-line, iphedi ingu-50mil, kanti indawo yokuvula ingu-28mil;
5. Qaphela ukuthi intambo yamandla kanye nentambo yaphansi kufanele ibe yi-radial ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ulayini wesignali akufanele uboshwe.

03
Ungalithuthukisa kanjani ikhono lokulwa nokuphazanyiswa kanye nokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic?
Ungalithuthukisa kanjani ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kanye nokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic lapho uthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi ngamaphrosesa?

1. Amasistimu alandelayo kufanele anake ngokukhethekile ukuphazamiseka kwe-anti-electromagnetic:
(1) Uhlelo lapho ifrikhwensi yewashi le-microcontroller iphezulu kakhulu futhi umjikelezo webhasi ushesha kakhulu.
(2) Uhlelo luqukethe amandla aphezulu, amasekethe okushayela amanje aphezulu, afana nama-relay akhiqiza inhlansi, amaswishi aphezulu, njll.
(3) Isistimu equkethe isekethe yesignali ye-analogi ebuthaka kanye nesekhethi yokuguqulwa enemba okuphezulu ye-A/D.

2. Thatha lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze ukhuphule amandla okuphazamiseka kwe-anti-electromagnetic ohlelweni:
(1) Khetha isilawuli esincane esinemvamisa ephansi:
Ukukhetha isilawuli esincane esinefrikhwensi yewashi yangaphandle ephansi kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umsindo futhi kuthuthukise ikhono lesistimu lokulwa nokuphazamiseka.Kumagagasi ayisikwele namagagasi e-sine wefrikhwensi efanayo, izingxenye zefrikhwensi ephezulu kugagasi lesikwele ziningi kakhulu kunalezo eziku-sine wave.Nakuba i-amplitude yengxenye ye-high-frequency yegagasi lesikwele incane kunegagasi eliyisisekelo, uma iphakama imvamisa, kuba lula ukuyikhipha njengomthombo womsindo.Umsindo we-high-frequency onamandla kakhulu okhiqizwa isilawuli esincane cishe izikhathi ezi-3 kunefrikhwensi yewashi.

(2) Yehlisa ukuhlanekezela ekudluliseleni isignali
Ama-Microcontroller akhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS obunesivinini esikhulu.I-static input yamanje yetheminali yokufaka isignali icishe ibe ngu-1mA, amandla okufakwayo acishe abe ngu-10PF, futhi i-impedance yokufaka iphezulu kakhulu.Itheminali yokuphumayo yesekethe ye-CMOS enesivinini esikhulu inomthamo omkhulu wokulayisha, okungukuthi, inani elikhulu lokukhiphayo.Intambo ende iholela kutheminali yokokufaka ene-impedance ephezulu kakhulu, inkinga yokubonisa ibucayi kakhulu, izodala ukuhlanekezela kwesignali futhi ikhulise umsindo wesistimu.Uma i-Tpd>Tr, iba yinkinga yolayini wokudlulisela, futhi izinkinga ezifana nokuboniswa kwesignali kanye nokufanisa i-impedance kufanele kucatshangelwe.

Isikhathi sokulibaziseka sesiginali ebhodini eliphrintiwe sihlobene nesici sokuvimbela ukuhola, okuhlobene ne-dielectric engaguquki yezinto eziphrintiwe zebhodi lesifunda.Kungacatshangwa cishe ukuthi isivinini sokudlulisa isignali ebhodini eliphrintiwe lihamba cishe ku-1/3 kuya ku-1/2 wejubane lokukhanya.I-Tr (isikhathi sokulibaziseka esivamile) sezingxenye zefoni enengqondo evame ukusetshenziswa kusistimu eyakhiwe isilawuli esincane siphakathi kuka-3 no-18 ns.

Ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe, isignali idlula kokumelana ne-7W kanye nokuhola okungu-25cm ubude, futhi isikhathi sokulibaziseka kulayini cishe siphakathi kuka-4~20ns.Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhola kwesiginali kufushane kusekethe ephrintiwe, kungcono, futhi okude kakhulu akufanele kudlule u-25cm.Futhi inani le-vias kufanele libe lincane ngangokunokwenzeka, okungcono lingabi ngaphezu kwamabili.
Uma isikhathi sokukhuphuka kwesignali sishesha kunesikhathi sokulibaziseka kwesignali, kufanele sicutshungulwe ngokuvumelana nogesi osheshayo.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukufaniswa kwe-impedance kolayini wokudlulisela kufanele kubhekwe.Ngokudlulisa isignali phakathi kwamabhulokhi ahlanganisiwe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe, isimo se-Td>Trd kufanele sigwenywe.Ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe likhulu, isivinini sesistimu asikwazi ukuba ngokushesha.
Sebenzisa iziphetho ezilandelayo ukuze ufingqe umthetho wedizayini yebhodi lesifunda ephrintiwe:
Isignali idluliswa ebhodini eliphrintiwe, futhi isikhathi sayo sokulibaziseka akufanele sibe sikhulu kunesikhathi sokulibaziseka esivamile sedivayisi esetshenzisiwe.

(3) Yehlisa isiphambano* phakathi kwemigqa yesignali:
Isignali yesinyathelo enesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwe-Tr endaweni A idluliselwa kutheminali B ngomthofu ongu-AB.Isikhathi sokulibaziseka sesiginali kulayini we-AB ngu-Td.Ephuzwini elingu-D, ngenxa yokudlulisela phambili isignali kusuka endaweni A, ukuboniswa kwesignali ngemva kokufinyelela iphuzu B kanye nokulibaziseka komugqa we-AB, isignali ye-pulse yekhasi enobubanzi be-Tr izongeniswa ngemva kwesikhathi se-Td.Ephuzwini elingu-C, ngenxa yokudluliswa nokubonakaliswa kwesignali ku-AB, isignali ye-pulse enhle enobubanzi obuphindwe kabili isikhathi sokulibaziseka kwesignali emugqeni we-AB, okungukuthi, i-2Td, iyengelwa.Lokhu ukuphambana phakathi kwamasignali.Ukuqina kwesiginali yokuphazamiseka kuhlobene ne-di/at yesiginali endaweni C kanye nebanga phakathi kwemigqa.Uma imigqa yesignali emibili ingende kakhulu, okubonayo ku-AB empeleni kuwukuphezulu kwama-pulses amabili.

I-micro-control eyenziwe ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS inokufakwa okuphezulu kokufakwayo, umsindo ophezulu, nokubekezelela umsindo ophezulu.Isekhethi yedijithali ibekwe phezulu ngomsindo we-100 ~ 200mv futhi ayithinti ukusebenza kwayo.Uma umugqa we-AB emfanekisweni uyisignali ye-analog, lokhu kuphazamiseka kuba okungabekezeleleki.Isibonelo, ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe liyibhodi elinezingqimba ezine, elinye lalo eliyindawo enkulu, noma ibhodi elinezinhlangothi ezimbili, futhi lapho uhlangothi olungemuva lomugqa wesignali luyindawo enkulu, isiphambano * ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezimpawu ezinjalo kuzoncishiswa.Isizathu ukuthi indawo enkulu yomhlabathi inciphisa isici somugqa wesiginali, futhi ukubonakaliswa kwesiginali ekugcineni kwe-D kuncishiswe kakhulu.I-impedance yesici ilingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sokungaguquki kwe-dielectric sendawo ephakathi ukusuka emugqeni wesignali ukuya phansi, futhi ilingana nelogarithm yemvelo yogqinsi lwendawo ephakathi nendawo.Uma umugqa we-AB uyisignali ye-analog, ukugwema ukuphazamiseka komugqa wesignali wesifunda sedijithali CD kuya ku-AB, kufanele kube nendawo enkulu ngaphansi komugqa we-AB, futhi ibanga phakathi komugqa we-AB nomugqa we-CD kufanele ube mkhulu kuno-2. izikhathi ezi-3 zebanga phakathi komugqa we-AB nomhlabathi.Ingavikelwa ngokwengxenye, futhi izintambo zomhlabathi zibekwe ohlangothini lwesobunxele nakwesokudla sokuhola ohlangothini olunomthofu.

(4) Yehlisa umsindo ovela kugesi
Ngenkathi ukunikezwa kwamandla kunikeza amandla ohlelweni, futhi yengeza umsindo wayo ekunikezeni amandla.Ulayini wokusetha kabusha, ulayini ophazamisayo, neminye imigqa yokulawula yesilawuli esincane kusekethe isengozini enkulu yokuphazamiseka emsindweni wangaphandle.Ukuphazamiseka okunamandla kugridi yamandla kungena kusekethe ngokusebenzisa ukunikezwa kwamandla.Ngisho nakuyisistimu esebenza ngebhethri, ibhethri ngokwalo linomsindo we-high-frequency.Isignali ye-analog kusekethe ye-analog ingakwazi ukumelana nokuphazanyiswa okuvela ekunikezeni amandla.

(5) Naka izici zokuvama okuphezulu kwamabhodi ocingo aphrintiwe kanye nezingxenye
Endabeni yemvamisa ephezulu, ukuhola, i-vias, resistors, capacitors, kanye ne-inductance esabalalisiwe kanye nomthamo wezixhumi ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe alikwazi ukushaywa indiva.I-inductance esabalalisiwe ye-capacitor ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva, futhi i-capacitance esabalalisiwe ye-inductor ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva.Ukumelana kukhiqiza ukubonakaliswa kwesignali ye-high-frequency, futhi i-capacitance esabalalisiwe yokuhola izodlala indima.Lapho ubude bukhulu kuno-1/20 wobude obuhambisanayo bemvamisa yomsindo, umphumela we-antenna uyakhiqizwa, futhi umsindo ukhishwa ngomthofu.

Izimbobo zokusebenzisa ibhodi lesekethe eliphrintiwe lidala cishe u-0.6 pf womthamo.
Izinto zokupakisha zesekethe ehlanganisiwe ngokwayo yethula ama-capacitor angu-2~6pf.
Isixhumi ebhodini lesekethe sine-inductance esabalalisiwe engu-520nH.I-dual-in-line 24-pin ye-circuit skewer edidiyelwe yethula i-4~18nH yokusabalalisa.
Lezi zinhlaka ezincane zokusabalalisa azinakwa kulo mugqa wezinhlelo ze-microcontroller ze-low-frequency;ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe kumasistimu anesivinini esikhulu.

(6) Isakhiwo sezingxenye kufanele sihlukaniswe ngokufanele
Isikhundla sezingxenye ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe kufanele sicabangele ngokugcwele inkinga yokuphazanyiswa kwe-anti-electromagnetic.Enye yezimiso ukuthi ukuhola phakathi kwezingxenye kufanele kube mfushane ngangokunokwenzeka.Kusakhiwo, ingxenye yesignali ye-analogi, ingxenye yesekethe yedijithali enesivinini esikhulu, kanye nengxenye yomthombo womsindo (efana nokudluliswa, amaswishi amanje, njll.) kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngokunengqondo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlangana kwesignali phakathi kwakho.

G Bamba intambo yaphansi
Ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe, umugqa wamandla kanye nomugqa ophansi yiwona obaluleke kakhulu.Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokunqoba ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic ukumisa phansi.
Kumaphaneli aphindwe kabili, ukwakheka kocingo lwaphansi kubaluleke kakhulu.Ngokusetshenziswa kwesisekelo sephuzu elilodwa, ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nomhlabathi kuxhunywe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe kusuka kuzo zombili iziphetho zokunikezwa kwamandla.Ukunikezwa kwamandla kunomuntu oyedwa othintana naye futhi phansi kunoxhumana naye oyedwa.Ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe, kufanele kube nezintambo eziningi ezibuya emhlabathini, ezizoqoqwa endaweni yokuxhumana yokubuyisela amandla okubuya, okuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-single-point grounding.Okubizwa ngokuthi umhlabathi we-analog, umhlabathi wedijithali, kanye nokuhlukaniswa komhlaba kwedivayisi enamandla amakhulu kubhekisela ekuhlukaniseni izintambo, futhi ekugcineni zonke ziyahlangana kuleli phuzu lokusekela.Uma uxhuma namasignali ngaphandle kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe, izintambo ezivikelekile zivame ukusetshenziswa.Ukuze uthole amasiginali aphezulu kanye nedijithali, zombili iziphetho zekhebula elivikelekile zisekelwe phansi.Ingxenye eyodwa yekhebula evikelekile yamasiginali e-analog yefrikhwensi ephansi kufanele ibekwe phansi.
Amasekethi azwela kakhulu emsindweni nasekuphazamisekeni noma amasekhethi anomsindo ophezulu ikakhulukazi kufanele avikelwe ngekhava yensimbi.

(7) Sebenzisa ama-decoupling capacitor kahle.
I-capacitor ye-high-frequency decoupling capacitor ingasusa izingxenye zefrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu njenge-1GHZ.Ama-Ceramic chip capacitor noma ama-multilayer ceramic capacitor anezici ezingcono zokuvama okuphezulu.Lapho uklama ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, i-decoupling capacitor kufanele yengezwe phakathi kwamandla nomhlabathi wesifunda ngasinye esihlanganisiwe.I-decoupling capacitor inemisebenzi emibili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-capacitor yokugcina amandla yesifunda esihlanganisiwe, esihlinzeka futhi sithatha amandla okushaja nokukhipha ngesikhathi sokuvula nokuvala isifunda esihlanganisiwe;ngakolunye uhlangothi, idlula umsindo we-high-frequency wedivayisi.I-decoupling capacitor evamile engu-0.1uf kumasekhethi edijithali ine-inductance esabalalisiwe engu-5nH, futhi imvamisa yokuzwakala kwayo okuhambisanayo icishe ibe ngu-7MHz, okusho ukuthi inomthelela ongcono wokunqamula umsindo ongaphansi kuka-10MHz, futhi inomthelela ongcono wokuhlukanisa umsindo ongaphezu kuka-40MHz.Umsindo cishe awunawo umthelela.

I-1uf, i-10uf capacitor, imvamisa ye-resonance parallel ingaphezulu kuka-20MHz, umphumela wokususa umsindo wemvamisa ephezulu ungcono.Ngokuvamile kunenzuzo ukusebenzisa i-1uf noma i-10uf de-high frequency capacitor lapho amandla engena ebhodini eliphrintiwe, ngisho nezinhlelo ezisebenza ngebhethri.
Zonke izingcezu eziyi-10 zamasekethe ahlanganisiwe zidinga ukwengeza ukushaja nokukhipha i-capacitor, noma ebizwa ngokuthi i-capacitor yokugcina, ubukhulu be-capacitor bungaba ngu-10uf.Kungcono ukungasebenzisi ama-electrolytic capacitors.Ama-Electrolytic capacitor asongwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zefilimu ye-pu.Lesi sakhiwo esigoqiwe sisebenza njenge-inductance kumafrikhwensi aphezulu.Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-bile capacitor noma i-polycarbonate capacitor.

Ukukhethwa kwevelu ye-decoupling capacitor akuqinile, kungabalwa ngokuya nge-C=1/f;okungukuthi, i-0.1uf ye-10MHz, futhi ohlelweni olwakhiwe isilawuli esincane, ingaba phakathi kuka-0.1uf no-0.01uf.

3. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuthile ekunciphiseni umsindo nokuphazamiseka kazibuthe kagesi.
(1) Ama-chips anesivinini esiphansi angasetshenziswa esikhundleni sama-chips anesivinini esikhulu.Ama-chips anesivinini esikhulu asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile.
(2) I-resistor ingaxhunywa ochungechungeni ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokugxuma lamaphethelo aphezulu naphansi wesekethe yokulawula.
(3) Zama ukunikeza uhlobo oluthile lokudambisa ama-relay, njll.
(4) Sebenzisa iwashi lefrikhwensi ephansi kakhulu ehlangabezana nezidingo zesistimu.
(5) Ijeneretha yewashi iseduze kakhulu nomshini osebenzisa iwashi.Igobolondo le-quartz crystal oscillator kufanele libe phansi.
(6) Vala indawo yewashi ngocingo oluphansi futhi ugcine ucingo lwewashi lufushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
(7) I-I / O drive circuit kufanele ibe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka emaphethelweni ebhodi eliphrintiwe, futhi livumele lishiye ibhodi eliphrintiwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.Isignali engena ebhodini eliphrintiwe kufanele ihlungwe, futhi isignali evela endaweni enomsindo omkhulu kufanele futhi ihlungwe.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uchungechunge lwama-terminal resistors kufanele lusetshenziselwe ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwesignali.
(8) Isiphetho esingenamsebenzi se-MCD kufanele sixhunywe phezulu, noma sisekelwe phansi, noma sichazwe njengesiphetho esiphumayo.Ukuphela kwesifunda esihlanganisiwe okufanele sixhunywe endaweni yokunikeza amandla kufanele sixhunywe kuso, futhi akufanele sishiywe sintanta.
(9) Itheminali yokufaka yesekethe yesango engasebenzi akufanele ishiywe intanta.Itheminali yokufaka evumayo ye-amplifier engasetshenziswanga kufanele imiswe, futhi indawo yokufaka engemihle kufanele ixhunywe kutheminali yokukhiphayo.(10) Ibhodi eliphrintiwe kufanele lizame ukusebenzisa imigqa engu-45 esikhundleni semigqa engu-90 ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nokuhlanganisa amasignali amaza aphezulu.
(11) Amabhodi aphrintiwe ahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nemvamisa kanye nezici zokushintsha zamanje, futhi izingxenye zomsindo nezingxenye ezingewona umsindo kufanele ziqhelelane.
(12) Sebenzisa amandla ephuzu elilodwa kanye nesisekelo sephuzu elilodwa kumaphaneli angawodwa nakabili.Intambo yamandla kanye nomugqa ophansi kufanele kube ugqinsi ngangokunokwenzeka.Uma umnotho uthengeka, sebenzisa ibhodi lezendlalelo eziningi ukuze unciphise i-capacitive inductance yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nomhlabathi.
(13) Gcina iwashi, ibhasi, neshiphu khetha amasignali kude nemigqa ye-I/O nezixhumi.
(14) Ulayini wokufaka kagesi we-analog kanye netheminali kagesi eyireferensi kufanele kube kude ngangokunokwenzeka nolayini wesignali yesekethe yedijithali, ikakhulukazi iwashi.
(15) Kumadivayisi e-A/D, ingxenye yedijithali kanye nengxenye ye-analogi kungcono kuhlanganiswe kunokunikelwa*.
(16) Ulayini wewashi oqonde ngqo kumugqa we-I/O unokuphazanyiswa okuncane kunomugqa we-I/O ohambisanayo, futhi izikhonkwane zengxenye yewashi zikude nekhebuli ye-I/O.
(17) Izikhonkwane zengxenye kufanele zibe zifushane ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi izikhonkwane zokuxhuma i-capacitor kufanele zibe zifushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
(18) Umugqa wokhiye kufanele ube ugqinsi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi indawo eyisivikelo kufanele yengezwe nhlangothi zombili.Umugqa wejubane eliphezulu kufanele ube mfushane futhi uqonde.
(19) Imigqa ezwelayo emsindweni akufanele ihambisane nemigqa yokushintsha yamanje, enesivinini esikhulu.
(20) Ungazihambisi izintambo ngaphansi kwekristalu ye-quartz noma ngaphansi kwemishini ezwa umsindo.
(21) Kumasekhethi esignali abuthakathaka, ungenzi amaluphu amanje eduze kwamasekhethi anemvamisa ephansi.
(22) Ungenzi iluphu yanoma iyiphi isignali.Uma kungenakugwema, yenza indawo yeluphu ibe mncane ngangokunokwenzeka.
(23) I-decoupling capacitor eyodwa ngesekethe ehlanganisiwe.I-bypass capacitor encane ye-high-frequency bypass capacitor kufanele yengezwe ku-electrolytic capacitor ngayinye.
(24) Sebenzisa ama-tantalum capacitor amakhulu noma ama-juku capacitor esikhundleni sama-electrolytic capacitor ukuze ushaje futhi ukhiphe ama-capacitor okugcina amandla.Uma usebenzisa ama-tubular capacitors, icala kufanele libekwe phansi.

04
PROTEL okhiye bezinqamuleli abavame ukusetshenziswa
Page Up Sondeza ngegundane njengendawo ephakathi
Page Phansi Hlehlisa ngegundane njengendawo ephakathi.
Ekhaya Maphakathi nendawo indawo ekhonjwe igundane
Qeda ukuvuselela (dweba kabusha)
* Shintsha phakathi kwezingqimba ezingaphezulu nezingaphansi
+ (-) Shintsha isendlalelo ngokwesendlalelo: “+” kanye no-“-” zibheke kolunye uhlangothi
Q mm (imilimitha) kanye ne-mil (mil) ukushintsha kweyunithi
I-IM ikala ibanga phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili
U-E x Hlela u-X, u-X uwumgomo wokuhlela, ikhodi imi kanje: (A)=arc;(C)=ingxenye;(F)=gcwalisa;(P)=iphedi;(N)=inethiwekhi;(S)=uhlamvu ;(T) = ucingo;(V) = nge;(I) = umugqa wokuxhuma;(G) = ipholigoni egcwele.Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukuhlela ingxenye, cindezela u-EC, i-mouse pointer izovela "ten", chofoza ukuze uhlele
Izingxenye ezihleliwe zingahlelwa.
I-P x Indawo X, X iyithagethi yokubeka, ikhodi iyafana nangaphezulu.
U-M x unyakazisa u-X, u-X uyithagethi ehambayo, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Ngokufanayo nangenhla, kanye (I) = ukuphequlula Ingxenye;(O) Zungezisa ingxenye yokukhetha;(M) = Hambisa ingxenye yokukhetha;(R) = Ukufaka kabusha izintambo.
S x khetha X, X okuqukethwe okukhethiwe, ikhodi imi kanje: (I)=indawo yangaphakathi;(O)=indawo engaphandle;(A)=bonke;(L)=konke kungqimba;(K)=ingxenye ekhiyiwe;(N) = inethiwekhi ebonakalayo;(C) = umugqa wokuxhuma ngokomzimba;(H) = iphedi elinembobo ethile;(G) = iphedi ngaphandle kwegridi.Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukukhetha konke, cindezela u-SA, zonke izithombe ziyakhanyisa ukukhombisa ukuthi zikhethiwe, futhi ungakopisha, usule, futhi uhambise amafayela akhethiwe.