Pakupanga kwamakono, kumizidwa golide ndi plating golide ndi njira zodziwika bwino zochizira pamwamba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popititsa patsogolo kukongola kwazinthu, kukana dzimbiri, ma conductivity ndi zinthu zina. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu ndondomeko ya mtengo wa njira ziwirizi. Kumvetsetsa mozama za kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mabizinesi asankhe njira moyenera, aziwongolera mtengo wopangira, komanso kukweza mpikisano wamsika.

Mfundo ndondomeko ndi mtengo maziko

Njira yopangira golide, yomwe nthawi zambiri imanena za kuyika kwa golide, ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera ma oxidation-oxidation kuyika golide pamwamba pa zinthu zamkuwa, monga bolodi la PCB. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti mu yankho lomwe lili ndi mchere wa golide, ma ion a golide amachepetsedwa kudzera muzitsulo zinazake zochepetsera ndikuyikidwa mofanana pamwamba pa gawo lapansi. Njirayi sifunikira mphamvu yakunja, imakhala yofatsa, ndipo ili ndi zofunikira zosavuta pazida. Komabe, njira yopangira golide imafunikira kuwongolera moyenera magawo monga kapangidwe, kutentha, ndi pH ya yankho kuti zitsimikizire mtundu ndi makulidwe a golide wosanjikiza. Chifukwa cha pang'onopang'ono kumiza golide, nthawi yotalikirapo yokonza imafunika kuti mukwaniritse makulidwe a golide omwe amafunidwa, omwe pamlingo wina amawonjezera mtengo wanthawi.

Njira yopangira golide imatheka makamaka kudzera mu mfundo ya electrolysis. Mu cell electrolytic, workpiece kuti azichitira ntchito ngati cathode ndi golide monga anode, ndipo amaikidwa mu electrolyte munali ayoni golide. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikadutsa, ma ion a golide amapeza ma elekitironi pa cathode, amachepetsedwa kukhala maatomu agolide ndikuyika pamwamba pa chogwiriracho. Njirayi imatha kuyika golide wosanjikiza pang'onopang'ono pamwamba pa chogwiriracho, ndipo kupanga kwake kumakhala kokwera kwambiri. Komabe, njira ya electrolysis imafuna zida zapadera zamagetsi, zomwe zimafuna kwambiri kulondola komanso kukhazikika kwa zida. Zotsatira zake, ndalama zogulira ndi kukonza zidazo zimakulanso moyenera.

Kusiyana kwa mtengo wa zinthu zagolide

Ponena za kuchuluka kwa golide wogwiritsidwa ntchito, njira yopangira golide nthawi zambiri imafuna golide wambiri. Chifukwa plating ya golide imatha kuyika golide wokhuthala, makulidwe ake nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 0.1 ndi 2.5μm. Mosiyana, golide wosanjikiza wopezedwa ndi njira yomira ya golide ndi yocheperapo. Mwachitsanzo, pakugwiritsa ntchito matabwa a PCB, makulidwe a golide wosanjikiza pakupanga golide nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi 0.05-0.15μm. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe a golide wosanjikiza, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zagolide zomwe zimafunikira pakupangira golide kumawonjezeka motsatira. Komanso, panthawi ya electrolysis ndondomeko, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuperekedwa mosalekeza kwa madipoziti ma ion ndi kukhazikika kwa electroplating zotsatira, ndende ya ayoni golide mu electrolyte ayenera kusamalidwa pa mlingo winawake, kutanthauza kuti zinthu golide zambiri adzadyedwa pakupanga ndondomeko.

Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya zinthu zagolide kumakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana pamitengo yanjira ziwirizi. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu za golide zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomira golide, kusintha kwa mtengo kumakhala kochepa poyang'anizana ndi kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya golide. Ponena za njira yopangira golide, yomwe imadalira kwambiri zinthu za golide, kusinthasintha kulikonse kwa mtengo wa golide kudzakhudza kwambiri mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa golidi wapadziko lonse ukakwera kwambiri, mtengo wopangira golide udzakwera kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pamabizinesi.

Kuyerekeza kwa zida ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito

Zipangizo zomwe zimafunikira pakupanga golide wozama zimakhala zosavuta, makamaka kuphatikizapo tank reaction, njira yothetsera njira, chipangizo chowongolera kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Mtengo wogula woyamba wa zipangizozi ndi wochepa kwambiri, ndipo pa ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku, mtengo wokonza nawonso siwokwera. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko yokhazikika, zofunikira zaumisiri kwa ogwira ntchito makamaka zimayang'ana kuyang'anira ndi kusintha kwa magawo a mayankho, ndipo mtengo wa maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi wotsika kwambiri.

Njira yopangira golide imafunikira zida zapadera zama electroplating, ma rectifiers, akasinja a electroplating, komanso makina ovuta kusefera ndi ma circulation ndi zida zina. Zidazi sizokwera mtengo zokha, komanso zimawononga magetsi ambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsika kwamtengo wapatali komanso ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. Panthawiyi, ndondomeko electrolysis ali okhwima kwambiri kulamulira zofunika magawo ndondomeko, monga kachulukidwe panopa, voteji, electroplating nthawi, etc. Kupatuka kulikonse chizindikiro kungayambitse mavuto khalidwe ndi wosanjikiza golide. Izi zimafuna kuti ogwira ntchito azikhala ndi luso lapamwamba komanso luso lolemera, ndipo mtengo wamaphunziro amanja ndi ntchito za anthu ndizokwera kwambiri.

Zolinga zina za mtengo

Pakupanga kwenikweni, palinso zinthu zina zomwe zingakhudze mtengo wa njira ziwirizi. Mwachitsanzo, pokonzekera ndi kukonza njira yopangira golide, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala imafunika. Ngakhale mtengo wa ma reagentswa ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wazinthu zagolide, umakhalabe ndi ndalama zambiri pakanthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa panthawi yoyika golide amakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera ndi mankhwala, omwe amafunikira chithandizo chapadera kuti akwaniritse miyezo yochotsa zachilengedwe. Mtengo wa chithandizo cha madzi oipa sungathe kunyalanyazidwanso.

Panthawi yopangira ma electroplating pakuyika golide, mavuto okhala ndi golide wosanjikiza amatha kuchitika chifukwa chowongolera molakwika, monga kusamata kokwanira kwa golide wosanjikiza ndi makulidwe osagwirizana. Mavutowa akachitika, zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri zimafunika kukonzedwanso, zomwe sizimangowonjezera mtengo wazinthu ndi nthawi komanso zingayambitsenso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito. Komanso, golide plating ndondomeko ali ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa chilengedwe kupanga. Ndikofunikira kusunga ukhondo ndi kutentha kokhazikika ndi chinyezi cha msonkhanowo, zomwe zidzawonjezeranso mtengo wopangira pamlingo wina.

Pali kusiyana kochuluka pamitengo pakati pa njira yomiyira golide ndi njira yopangira golide. Mabizinesi akasankha njira, sangangoweruza potengera mtengo. Ayeneranso kuganizira mozama zinthu monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe, komanso momwe msika ulili. M'mapulojekiti akuluakulu opanga zinthu komwe kuwongolera mtengo kuli kofunika kwambiri, ngati mankhwalawa alibe zofunika kwambiri pa makulidwe ndi kuvala kukana kwa golide wosanjikiza, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa njira yomira ya golide ndiwodziwikiratu. Pazinthu zina zapamwamba, monga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zammlengalenga, zomwe zimafunikira pakugwirira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe ndizokwera kwambiri. Ngakhale kupanga golide kukhala kokwera mtengo, mabizinesi amatha kusankha njirayi kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Pokhapokha poganizira mozama zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe mabizinesi amatha kupanga zisankho zoyenera pakukula kwawo ndikukulitsa kufunikira kwachuma.